BY Youvraj B
Certain
policy decisions transcend their visible peripheries and acquire more
of strategic significance especially so when they read out political
statement of the regime in response to changed socio-economic
circumstances. Decision to de-regulate petroleum prices taken last
year (in July 2010) is one of such. After creating rumble last year
the issue is back on agenda after on 15th
May OME (Oil Marketing Enterprises) declared price hikes in petrol by
Rs. 5 and again on 24th
June in diesel and LPG. Considering the onslaught of globalization
over past 2 decades and commitment of UPA government under leadership
(?) of Manmohan Singh to neo-liberalism, this should have been merely
a step further in that direction. However significance of petroleum
prices on socio-economics of the country and a peculiar backdrop of
global crisis of capitalism highlights its strategic prominence.
Country largely depends on import (around 85%) for crude oil and
later profoundly influences union budget and overall economic
scenario. Any upward surge in prices only fuels inflation higher.
Considering this dependence on import and its knock on effect on
inflation the petroleum prices were kept under regulation since 1973.
Though Indian economy was ‘opened up’ in 1991 subsequent
governments of both Congress and BJP repeatedly dodged the decision
of deregulating these products for last 2 decades and maintained
status quo. On this backdrop the decision taken by UPA government on
this reflects major shift in policy & attitude in dealing with
politically and socially sensitive issues that have bearing on
economic growth of the country. With the view of analyzing changed
circumstances that led to such shift in policy the article reviews
the post-recession economy and draws out perspectives for the coming
period.
Global
Recession and Indian Economy –
Let
us first consider the peculiar backdrop of global and Indian economy
in 2010 when the decision to deregulate petroleum products was
announced. The collapse of Lehman Brothers wrecked havoc in 2008 and
Indian economy like other major economies went deep into coma. Though
things improved marginally over next 2 years many of the economies
were still in ICU. But not so for Indian economy. By 2010 it was well
recovered. Share market index graphically illustrates this. On 15th
Sept BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) was at 14402. Following collapse of
Lehman Brothers share markets all over the world raced to bottom and
BSE too reached its lowest in next few weeks. After lingering at
bottom for next 6 months the index turned northwards from March 2009
and on 25th
May 2009 i.e. in merely 8 months it reached 14625, pre-crisis levels.
BSE
On
the contrary Dow Jones (American Stock Exchange) took 20 months to
regain its pre-crisis level.
Though
complete meltdown of global economic system was somehow avoided,
leading economies were still grappling hard in 2009 and 2010. On the
contrary Indian economy showed the signs of relatively stronger
recovery from mid-2009. Obviously it boosted the morale of Indian
bourgeoisie and its rulers. The decision to deregulate petroleum
prices well reflects the elated sprit and hence audacity of this
class.
Analyzing
the recovery –
Here
we must analyze the recovery of Indian economy deliberating over its
reasons and more importantly its character. The key role in this
recovery was played by huge surge of liquidity in the market with
carry trade in US dollars. In response to credit crunch Federal
Reserve and ECB (European Central Bank) drastically reduced their
interest rates as shown below.
Fed
interest rate that was above 5% in 2007 was brought down to 2%
through 2008 and has been maintained at lowest level of 0.25% from
Jan 2009 till date. (Bank of England has maintained it at 0.5 %).
Accounting into inflation, the funds were made available at
practically negative interest rates. This was done to encourage
capitalists to borrow money for investment that could generate
employment, demand and get the jammed wheels of economy moving.
Interest
rate in India too came down from 9% to 4.5% in 2009. Still that was
significantly higher than that of advanced countries. Over next few
months international speculators flooded Indian and other emerging
markets with huge inflow of borrowed funds. In 2009 FIIs invested $
17.23 bn in Indian market through this route flushing it with
liquidity and share market index soared up.
Another
factor was stimulus package declared by the government. In particular
implementation of Sixth Pay Commission recommendations made
additional funds available to public sector workers while huge tax
sops were declared to corporate sector. This along with boosted
liquidity and availability of cheaper credit boosted demand for
industrial goods to some extent. Also giant stimulus package of $ 585
bn and investments in infrastructure by China benefited exports
further boosting industrial production in second half of 2009.
Subsequently IIP (Index of Industrial Production) reached 16.7 in Q1
of 2010.
The
specific stage of liberalization of financial institutes in the
country too played a significant role. Though liberalization was
carried out in banking and insurance sector, nationalized banks and
institutes still dominate the finance sector. Few like ICICI and HDFC
banks with larger proportion of foreign capital holding do not
reflect the general state of Indian finance institutes. The
functioning of nationalized banks was re-oriented towards market in
this period. Instead of financing priority sectors like agriculture,
small scale industries these banks financed real estate, private
automobiles and other commodities thus stroking and sustaining ‘debt
driven consumption’ and in turn ‘consumption led growth’.
However their sphere of functioning has been mainly domestic market.
Consequently their exposure to US Sub-prime market was only
negligible. C.V. Kamath, then President of CII (Confederation of
Indian Industries) remarked that this exposure amounting to $ 450 mn
could be less than 0.5% of banks’ balance sheet.
(http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Citi-UBS-like-subprime-debacle-not-to-repeat-in-India-Kamath/articleshow/3001816.cms)
Of this $450 mn the share of nationalized banks was merely $90 mn
highlighting their role in limiting the scale of exposure to the
crisis. Of course the bourgeoisie and its executives in the
parliament do not deserve any credit for this. Instead it was trade
unions, left organizations and to some extent left parties that
staunchly opposed wholesale privatization of public sectors banks.
Was it not for this, the Indian economy too would have gone burst.
What happened to Iceland speaks for itself. In 2007 the country with
highest per capita income was declared ‘happiest nation’ on the
earth. In the boom period 3 banks of the country invested feverishly
in sub-prime market earning huge profits (and as usual IMF and other
institutes applauded them for this). With onset of sub-prime crisis
these banks literally went bust. Now the country with $ 14 bn GNP is
weighed down under public debt of $ 100 bn.
During
this period Indian capitalists resorted to indiscriminate job cuts to
sustain their profit levels. This was true for not only unorganized
but for organized sectors as well. Information Technology business
depends solely on human labor and hence job cuts is the quickest way
to prevent profits from dropping lower. IT companies in India
brutally resorted to these tactics leading to large scale job cuts.
For IT workforce that enjoyed feverish growth in 2000s the period was
literally like reign of terror. An employee could receive a call
from HR Dept anytime threatening to resign ‘voluntarily’ or else
he or she could be blacklisted with NASSCOM (Software service
providers’ association) precluding them from obtaining any other
job in future. Thus for the very first time IT workforce experienced
what could be termed as ‘dictatorship of bourgeoisie’. A worker
of one of the leading IT Company harassed by HR bosses in this way
ultimately lodged police complaint against the company.
(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-03/software-services/28076769_1_wipro-employees-wipro-technologies-wipro-officials).
Another worker from
the same company committed suicide by jumping off 11th
floor of the office. Given the vast experience of Indian bourgeoisie
in dealing with such ‘trivial incidents’ no wonder the cases were
suppressed. This however highlights the hideous and ugly face of IT
capitalists masquerading as the blue-eyed boys of shining India.
Blissfully
Ignorant Indian Bourgeoisie
It
would not be inappropriate to classify the period of Indian
globalization as pre-recession and post-recession given the scale and
scope of global recession. Dialectical analysis of the changed
global scenario and its implications on Indian economy holds key in
drawing perspectives of Indian economy for the coming period. Though
bourgeoisie has managed to orchestrate some kind of recovery globally
things are far from being settled for them. Sovereign debt crisis in
Europe threatens to pull the global economy into yet another deeper
crisis; US has failed to achieve any structural growth while Britain,
France, Germany too are grappling in the dark. Failure to achieve any
spectacular growth and create jobs has led popularity ratings for
Obama sinking lower. Though he is banking on ‘capital’ of killing
Bin Laden to prevent his vote ‘bank’ from melting down, it is yet
to be seen if such an ‘investment’ would be sufficient to earn
‘dividend’ of next Presidential election.
On
this backdrop the performance of Indian economy stands out or at
least that is how it is being projected – an economy that weathered
the crisis owing to its strong fundamentals. Obviously what we
discussed above exposes hollowness of such claims. Huge injection of
foreign funds by global speculators in order to boost their profits
and a particular stage of liberalization of Indian finance institutes
really helped it avoid worst. And yes their (hereditary) ability to
suck blood and sweat of masses through class and caste exploitation
did play a critical role. A holistic view of the entire episode only
highlights the fickle, flimsy and parasitic nature of its recovery
and hence of Indian capitalism. A closer look at capital movement
reveals it. In 2008 as clouds gathered thicker and thicker on markets
investors started pulling out money and in first 9 months itself FIIs
withdrew $ 11.1 bn from Indian markets. Indian bourgeoisie was badly
shaken and BSE that was at 20,000 in Jan 2008 plunged to 10,000 in
matter of 10 months. As a knock on effect INR (Indian Rupee)
depreciated drastically from 39.20 to 48.86 and RBI (Reserve Bank of
India) could somehow avert its further fall only by injecting $28.5
bn. If anything, it gives glimpse of how things could have moved had
it not been for massive injection of dollars through carry trade by
end of 2008. The crisis yet again underlined the neo-colonial
character of Indian economy and its dependence (along with
complementary nature) on global economy.
Blissfully
ignorant, Indian bourgeoisie is cheering and celebrating its ‘strong
fundamentals’. Quoting some of global leaders or those of IMF, WB
they and media houses owned by them are creating jingoism devoid of
any serious or objective analysis of the crisis. In reality this is
the deepest crisis facing capitalism since 1930s and has had
capitalist class all over the world deeply shaken by its sheer scale.
On 20th
Sept 2008 Finance Times, mouthpiece of global capitalists declared
‘Capitalism in Convulsion’. Tsunami of the crisis caused
intellectual paralysis to bourgeoisie economists and intellectuals
and few even frantically shuffled through Karl Marx’s ‘Capital’
in order to make sense out of what had happened. Though
superficially, some of them attempted to ponder over the future of
capitalism. Al Gore, former vice president of US declared ‘Time if
up for short term thinking’ in one of the articles in Finance Times
(dated 26th
Nov 2009). The article discussed the myopic nature of erstwhile
capitalism and called for ‘sustainable capitalism’. Michel
Barnier, Commissioner (internal markets) of EU called for ‘Capitalism
for entrepreneurs rather than capitalism for speculators’. Needless
to say both had been day-dreaming.
And
when we look at the Indian bourgeoisie intellectuals what strikes is
complete lack of any serious analysis. Their analysis didn’t go
beyond lame criticism of bankers’ greed and ritual mention of
widening disparity in the country (for which their solution is to
further accelerate the growth). As picture of India’s alleged
recovery got sharper their tone got more and more confident and
rather arrogant. They declared that the crisis vouched decoupling
theory. Politicians and capitalists used to occasion to scratch each
other’s back. Below incident indicates the arrogance of this class.
In 2009 when stock markets rallied upward few commentators rightly
expressed the fear of another bubble being blown up. Reacting to this
Swaminathan Iyer, a leading bourgeoisie analyst advised investors to
not to be worried and instead make max out of it commenting in Times
of India (dated 22nd
Nov 2009) “secret of staying ahead is to ride the bubbles
when they are inflating and
get off before they burst. Right now, it’s time to ride” As if
2008 never happened!
A
huge paradox emerges when overall picture is considered. On one hand
we have a global bourgeoisie deeply shaken by the crisis that exposed
yet again the rottenness of capitalist system and its utter inability
to progress human society and hence obsolescence of the system; on
the other hand we have relative recovery of Indian economy on flimsy
basis and Indian bourgeoisie that notwithstanding the reality has
turned jubilant and arrogant as a consequence. The dialectic
analysis of this contradiction would help the prognosis of the Indian
economy.
Casino
Economy and Intellectual Chauvinism
While
intellectual bankruptcy is one of the reasons behind such smug and
complacent state of bourgeoisie another is objective necessity to
remain so. This necessity stems from organic character of capitalism.
It is a mode of production inherently based on anarchy of markets.
Without any central planning production is done at the perceived
indications of market and with lust for higher and yet higher profits
at the core of it. Consequently boom and recession are organic to
this system. Finance capitalism has taken this chaos to yet higher
level and could be termed as super-anarchy of markets. In fact it has
reduced itself to casino economy. Last decade saw Investment Banks
coming up with an array of sophisticated and complicated instruments
like sub-prime lending to CDS (that Warrant Buffet calls ‘Weapons
of Mass Destruction’) to swindle trillions of dollars that
capitalists have accumulated over decades. It would be naïve to
believe that these investment bankers holding masters degrees or
doctorates from the most renowned universities in the world and with
the most sophisticated means of knowledge at their fingertips betting
on such huge sums were completely unaware of risks involved. But
their belief on the sustainability of the capitalist system and the
casino economy is the driving force that keeps them moving. As Karl
Marx proved money is nothing but universal expression of value.
Considered from this perspective these trillions of dollars do not
even remotely have any relation to Value. And today this huge sum of
money completely divorced from its Value is like a hanging sword on
the head of Capitalist system. Even capitalist class and its
intellectuals do have a vague idea of this. But having their stakes
involved, they have no option of quitting but to only keep on
betting. Long back foregone is the stage where surplus value
extracted from labor could be put to use for further
industrialization (and there is no going back unless devastation to
the scale of world war takes place). And there is no alternative to
speculation to keep its surplus value invested and further recycled
into more capital. This is the objective (or material) necessity of
the capitalist class that further begets intellectual necessity to
whip up theories dwelling upon eternal exuberance of the system. In
the period of boom or favorable changes on socio-political forum this
intellectual necessity soon acquires the form of intellectual
chauvinism. Francis Fukuyoma declaring ‘End of History’ following
disintegration of Soviet Union is one such example. Another is
‘laissez-faire model of capitalism’ implemented by Alan Greenspan
during his 20 years tenure from 1986 to 2007 as Fed Chairman. Mr.
Greenspan rejecting any form of market regulation summarizes his
‘laissez-faire’ doctrine as "It
is precisely the greed of the businessman, or, more appropriately,
his profit-seeking, which is the unexcelled protector of the
consumer." The doctrine that legitimized capitalists’ lust for
profit only represents the chauvinism prevalent on Wall Street in
2000s following one of the longest periods of boom. The intellectual
chauvinism doesn’t remain merely at intellectual level but governs
its actions and maneuvers which in turn are offered social and legal
legitimacy by such doctrines. This legitimacy has its own
significance especially in liberal democracy and proponents of such
doctrine are often cheered as champions of the society. No wonder
Alan Greenspan, a devoted disciple of Ayan Rand’s Objectivism
school that approves ‘laissez-faire capitalism’ as the only
legitimate system exercised absolute power over Fed for 20 years.
Union
Budgets of last 3 years –
Though
Indian bourgeoisie is yet to reach such high degree of chauvinism,
its arrogance is too pronounced to escape. A cursory glance at
government decisions and policies over last 3 years reveals –
Notwithstanding the scale of crisis, fundamental weaknesses exposed
by it and pertinent questions raised on very future of capitalist
system, the capitalist class and their executives in the parliament
have made up their mind to go full throttle on the road of
neo-liberalism. Deregulation of petroleum products was a key
milestone in the journey. As mentioned earlier, rulers were well
aware of its potential socio-political implications and hence it
reflects strong determination on their part. Union budgets of 2010
and 2011 too consolidate this trend. In 2010 it reversed earlier
policy of garnering more revenue through direct taxation than
indirect tax and thus causing lesser burden on common man. By
restructuring income tax (direct tax) slabs it offered huge tax sops
to high income individuals and professionals. Resulting loss of
revenue in direct taxes to the tune of Rs. 26,000 crore was
compensated by steep hike in indirect taxes. Later amounted to Rs.
46,400 crore much higher than required to compensated for lost
revenue due to direct tax concessions. Food and fertilizer subsidies
were cut by Rs. 800 crore. Tax concessions to Corporate sector
amounted to Rs. 4,99,340 crore, astonishingly 79% of total tax
revenue.
Fiscal
deficit conservatism is one of the core principles of neo-liberal
policies. In 2003 India enshrined this principle by enacting FRBM
(Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management) act that imposed limits
on fiscal deficit. In the period of crisis bourgeoisie all over the
world resorted to Keynesianism and allowed fiscal deficit to inflate.
India too followed the suite with deficit mounting to 6.7% in 2009-10
though immediately in the next budget it pledged to bring it down to
5.5%. Indiscriminate public expenditure cuts and indirect tax
increases described above though making life precarious for working
masses are nonetheless important to further fuel neo-liberal growth
of the country.
Indian
Economy – An adjunct to global capitalism
In
last 63 years since independence Indian bourgeoisie has come a long
way and is undoubtedly far stronger than many of its peers in other
Asian and African countries liberated near around same time. Having
said this in past 2 decades it has established a peculiar
relationship with global capitalism under the auspices of
globalization, the relation that is servile though complimentary as
well to some extent. The neo-liberal framework of policies dictated
by global capitalist institutions (including WB, IMF, credit rating
agencies) now defines the operational periphery of Indian
bourgeoisie. It not only dictates the overall direction of Indian
economy but also prescribes parameters to assess its success or
failure. Religiously obliging to this the modes de operandi of Indian
capitalist class has been to score maximum on these parameters by
exploiting its class monopoly along with pre-existing institutions of
exploitations like caste and patriarchy it ‘inherited’.
Everything dictated is pious and it has neither any will nor the guts
to challenge any of these. When compared with its neighbor China that
can assert itself strongly (in relative terms), the dwarfishness of
Indian bourgeoisie stands out.
Two
parameters in assessing the success of the economy are GDP or growth
rate and tab on fiscal deficit. A country could be penalized severely
by global capitalists if it fails to score on these 2 parameters
leading to derailment of its economy. Even today any pull out of
capital invested in markets by FII could cause havoc for Indian
economy.
To
uphold its position on global forum and thereby sustaining the inflow
of global capital and thereby maintaining its higher growth rate
mandates Indian bourgeoisie to further accelerate implementation of
neo-liberal policies i.e. privatization, liberalization. Only by
doing this it can keep Indian economy ‘attractive’ enough for
global capitalists though considering ‘foot looseness’ of later
that isn’t particularly easy. It requires more and more sectors of
economy thrown open to FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), further
disinvestment of public sector enterprises (including banks), keeping
wages depressed to ensure steady flow of cheap labor and more
importantly to sustain the consumption level in domestic market.
Though domestic petroleum market is yet to be open to foreign
players, its deregulation is a step in that direction. Yet another
decision awaiting final nod and has global capitalists their mouths
salivating is allowing FDI in multi-brand retail, market that is
worth $ 560 bn. Single brand and wholesale cash and carry are already
opened up for foreign investment and there is lot of pressure on
government to do so for multi-brand. The decision process has gone
quite far and it is matter of time that decision will be announced.
Real
challenge is sustaining the consumption level or demand in domestic
market. It is quite obvious that restructuring income tax slabs
thereby making big tax cuts for higher income individuals and
granting huge tax sops to big businesses was a move intended at
fuelling demand on one hand and encouraging investment on another.
These policies are inspired by what is termed as ‘supply side
economics’, theory that blatantly proposes to offer higher tax
rebates to rich and those filthy rich.
There
are 2 aspects to this process of further accelerating liberalization
and privatization. One economic and other socio-political. From
economic stand point, though these policies could help sustaining the
demand (or to be precise preventing it from depressing further) in
short term, it would lead to imploding domestic market (that is
already narrow) and capitalist economy based on it in longer term. As
capitalist system is utterly incapable of achieving inclusive
development creating mass employment and thereby wider base of
consumers with purchasing power, it has to rely increasingly on
smaller and smaller section of society for consumption. An example
could be real estate. Boom in the real estate did contribute to
boosting GDP. Though over last few years availability of cheaper
credit along with increasing prices sustained the demand, in reality
skyrocketed prices have simply pushed off millions of perspective
consumers in cities from the market. As per recent survey 20% newly
constructed flats in Pune are vacant. Experts comment that the trend
is temporary due to higher interest rate and there is substance of
truth in that. It directly boils down to the relationship between
purchasing power and credit. In the absence of purchasing power of
masses capitalism has often relied upon cheaper credit to stimulate
market. Real estate is no exception and sooner than later the sector
would stagnate. For other sectors that registered impressive growth
over last decade it may not be possible to maintain growth rate. Best
example is IT (Information Technology). Over last 10-12 years IT
giants posted 20% YOY (year on year) profits on an average and this
was simply dazzling. In this decade most likely its growth would
considerably lower or at the best stagnate. The sector played an
important role in expanding markets for various commodities in cities
and hence any slowdown here will have knock on effect on other
sectors as well (including real estate).
Under
capitalist relations of production capitalist class denies of due
share of wealth generated to working class (responsible for creation
of that wealth) and subsequently it leads to contraction of market.
This is an organic contradiction of capitalism and Indian capitalism
is no exception. Faster
the process of neo-liberalization is carried through; larger and
deeper would this contradiction grow with Indian capitalist system
heading for a major structural crisis.
Perspectives
of Class struggle –
This
is an economic aspect. Equally if not more important is another
aspect – social and political implications of accelerating
neo-liberal onslaught. To put it simply as onslaught gets brutal,
wider and stronger would be struggles against it. Even today there
are struggles against globalization all over the nation from POSCO to
Jaitapur. Daring entire state machinery, military and police, masses
are fighting tooth and nail. No doubt struggles would get fierce and
this would not be merely quantitative but qualitative change.
When
we think of elements of society that were worst hit by the
globalization in past 2 decades – they have been small farmers that
were already handicapped by caste based ownership of land and were
further devastated by introduction of free market policies in
agriculture; rural people who found their lands, the only means of
subsistence being snatched away by capitalist vultures; and adivasis
(tribal) living in the areas rich in natural resources. Free market
policies ripped off very basis of their livelihood. The picture in
urban area was ‘relatively’ different. Though working masses
especially those in unorganized sector had more hardships in making
both ends meet and thus surviving among rampant commercialization of
everything around them, it was not as devastating as sections of
society mentioned above. Discussing about organized working class we
need to consider few things. In a way Globalization stimulated the
economy that had been long stagnated (referred to as ‘Hindu growth
rate”) in 1970s and 1980s. Subsequently there was an expansion of
service sector in urban areas and new jobs created in IT, Finance
sectors. With free movement of capital there has been abundant supply
of commodities in market both indigenous and exotic; this coupled
with liberal and cheaper supply of credit resulted in broadening of
commodity markets in cities. LPG cylinder, 2 wheelers / 4 wheelers,
telephone connection etc. that were earlier required to be booked
months if not years in advance could now be obtained on the same day.
Sprawling malls, 7 star townships, multiplexes, abundantly available
electric gadgets - . The glitter and blitz of globalization was too
dazzling for impoverished masses of the poor nation. It helped mass
media and audio-visual media build an illusionary picture of growth
and prosperity. It was obvious that these economic, social and
equally important cultural transformations have had an effect on
class consciousness of workers. Working class was already bogged down
by historic defeats of trade union struggles in 1980s, disintegration
of Soviet Union in 1991 and subsequent ideological confusions among
left and lull in the movement. All put together resulted in working
class disassociating itself from any struggles against globalization.
Obviously
the process was not monotonous. In parallel working class was being
attacked by large scale casualization, contract labor in both
manufacturing and services along with intensification of labor.
Rising inflation, privatization and gross commercialization of
education, health and other public services have been rapidly
transforming aspects of urban life. They are increasingly making
struggle of survival harsher and more acute. Here what needs to be
considered is parameters of life (and hence of consciousness as well)
of working masses in cities are far different than those in rural or
semi-urban areas. A working youth earning Rs. 10,000 in cities still
has multiple issues haunting him –his marriage, buying home for his
family, bringing up children and expenses of their education and
health. Prevalent economic and social conditions weigh heavily
against him and his desperate struggle for maintaining his social
existence shapes his life and in turn his consciousness. As discussed
above for India maintaining growth rate of economy is going to be
increasingly challenging and reckless implementation of neo-liberal
reforms based on ‘widening’ and deepening of class and caste
exploitation is a pre-condition to it. And it is going to engulf
urban working masses. In such times delusion of growth and prosperity
so ingeniously built by capitalists and their media starts fizzling
out rapidly and class consciousness escalates in leaps. Dimensions of
exploitation hidden so far appears crystal clear to working class and
it turns out to be a prologue to a new stage of struggle against not
only the regime but the system.
The
aim of article is not to pain the rosy picture of working class
revolting tomorrow and uprooting capitalism. Instead it attempts to
critically analyze the qualitatively changed economic conditions and
social processes begot or influenced by these changes. Duly
acknowledging the complications and challenges involved in subjective
response of working class and its leadership, the analysis of the
objective changes nonetheless helps gauge the renewed possibilities
of struggles both locally and internationally.
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